к дню химика - Антуан Лоран Лавуазье

[j-tivale.livejournal.com]

Великие прообразы науки имеют одно общее с великими прообразами искусства — они неисчерпаемы. Открытия великих ученых, являясь результатом общественного развития, в свою очередь выступают в качестве одного из источников дальнейшего движения вперед общественной культуры. Чтение их работ, изучение хода их мыслей по первоисточникам не только связано с громадным наслаждением, но и представляет неисчерпаемый источник изучения для тех, кто желает сам принять участие в поступательном ходе науки, кто хочет понять и пережить ритм научного творчества.
История какого-нибудь учения почти всегда неразрывно связана с историею самого ученого, его создавшего. Вот почему мы, наряду о подробными выдержками из классических работ Лавуазье, знакомим читателя в самом сжатом виде и с ходом жизни и творчества этого великого человека, этой исключительно блестящей личности. С точки зрения научного творчества особенно любопытно, что Лавуазье, имея в виду разрешение лишь практических проблем и всегда приступая к своим исследованиям без какой бы то ни было предвзятой теории, сам в итоге чисто индуктивных работ опытно обосновал и развил одну из самых общих идей естествознания — закон постоянства массы и элементов — и явился, таким образом, создателем количественной химии XIX столетия.
Отрывки из оригинальных работ Лавуазье подобраны таким образом, чтобы сделать наглядными последовательные этапы его открытий.
М. А. Блох
1929 г.

Антуан-Лоран ЛАВУАЗЬЕ
МЕМУАРЫ. О ПРИРОДЕ ВЕЩЕСТВА, СОЕДИНЯЮЩЕГОСЯ С МЕТАЛЛАМИ ПРИ ПРОКАЛИВАНИИ ИХ И УВЕЛИЧИВАЮЩЕГО ИХ ВЕС. ОПЫТЫ НАД ДЫХАНИЕМ ЖИВОТНЫХ. О ПРИРОДЕ ВОДЫ, ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ МЕТОД. ВВЕДЕНИЕ К ЭЛЕМЕНТАРНОМУ КУРСУ ХИМИИ
Издание 1931 года, подготовленное силами советского химика Марка Абрамовича Блоха и переводчиков Евгения и Марии Троповских,
найденную об этих людях информацию мы поместили дополнительными страницами к скану.

От редакции
Предисловие
Жизнь и творчество А. Лавуазье
Краткая хронологическая сводка важнейших моментов в жизни и творчестве Лавуазье
Извлечение из основных трудов Антуан-Лоран Лавуазье
Запечатанный пакет, представленный Академии наук
Мемуар о природе вещества, соединяющегося с металлами при прокаливании их и увеличивающего их вес
Опыты над дыханием животных и над изменениями, которые происходят с воздухом при прохождении через их легкие
О природе воды
Экспериментальный метод. Введение к элементарному курсу химии
скачать с облака


В нашей библиотеке можно прочитать
А.Лавуазье. Мысли о народном образовании / в сборнике «Педагогические идеи Великой Французской революции»

О.А.Старосельская-Никитина. Очерки по истории науки и техники в период Французской буржуазной революции 1789-1794

А еще предлагаю вам образец горячей полемики на страницах журнала "Борьба классов"
Левандовский vs Фридлянд: был ли Лавуазье революционером?
в файле две статьи:
А. Левандовский. ЛАВУАЗЬЕ - АНТИКЛЕРИКАЛ и РЕВОЛЮЦИОНЕР // Борба классов. 1933, № 10. С.106-113
Цви (Григорий) Фридлянд. БЫЛ ЛИ ЛАВУАЗЬЕ РЕВОЛЮЦИОНЕРОМ? // Борьба классов. 1934, № 10. С.82-87
Оба автора делают противоположные выводы, отталкиваясь от почти одних и тех же фактов и документов.

p.s. Итак, гражданин Цви Фридлянд против гражданина... А.Левандовского!
Если у вас хорошая память и чуть-чуть знания арифметики, вы непременно ахнете: "как?!"
Потому что всем знакомый Анатолий Петрович Левандовский родился в 1920 году, и в 1933-м спорить с Фридляндом, ну, по крайней мере в центральной печати, никак не мог.
Кто вы, автор?..

Лавуазье - герой стихотворного драматического отрывка И.П.Горна "НОЧЬ ПЕРЕД КАЗНЬЮ"
...и фигурант некоторых анекдотов Шарантончика (выступает главным образом как небанальный экзаменатор ;) )

Гражданки коллежанки и граждане товарищи! В комментарии накидывайте красивых картинок (можно подобных) и ссылок, если они есть.
И не обходите вниманием гражданку Мари Лавуазье!

#ВеликаяФранцузскаяРеволюция, #библиотекаViveLiberta, #библиотекаИстМат, #скачатьбесплатно

Comments

[pere0duchesne.livejournal.com]

Illustrations including engravings.

One of Lavoisier's major contributions to chemistry was to develop accurate quantitative procedures. For example he described the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions by first weighing the reactants of a chemical reaction and subsequently weighing the products. To do this he needed to construct highly accurate balances. He also made careful measurements of the volumes of expired gas using pneumatic troughs or what we now call spirometers. These advances required the development of much new apparatus, and Marie-Anne Lavoisier was responsible for making accurate illustrations of the new equipment. In Lavoisier's major work Traité élémentaire de chimie of 1789, there are 13 exquisitely engraved plates by Marie-Anne. One example that was described earlier is shown in Fig. 2, and equipment for collecting gas is shown in Fig. 3. Note the extreme attention to detail including accurate dimensions that would allow other investigators to replicate the instruments. The engravings in Traité élémentaire de chimie are all grouped together at the end of the book, and they provide essential information to complement the science described by Lavoisier. Some of Lavoisier's experimental apparatus can be seen today in the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

[pere0duchesne.livejournal.com]

Marie-Anne Lavoisier's engraving of a device for collecting gas and measuring its volume. From Ref. 12.
Download figureDownload PowerPoint

Marie-Anne's expertise in engraving is believed to have come from lessons with the famous artist Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). He was one of the most influential painters in the neoclassical style in France in the late 18th century. Figure 1 shows one of his best known portraits, and there is no equal in the portrayal of a famous scientist with his wife-collaborator. David painted many other famous historical events and his paintings are exhibited in major art galleries around the world.

As discussed below, Marie-Anne also worked on a major book of eight volumes entitled Mémoires de physique et chimie, which was started by Lavoisier but interrupted by his execution. Surviving documents show that this also was planned to include a number of her engravings, but the project was never completed (4).

Of particular interest to us here are two sepia drawings made by Marie-Anne of Lavoisier's experiment on human oxygen consumption. These are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, which are reproduced from the original illustrations in Grimaux (6). The drawings have been discussed on several occasions and recently by Holmes (8), Noël (19), Prinz (23), and Beretta (2). Prinz (22) made a very detailed study of the equipment in the drawing.

Figure 4 shows an experiment on a seated subject on the left who is breathing through a close-fitting mask made of copper. He is probably Armand Séguin, who had a major role in these experiments. He is resting, and the description below the drawing specifically states “l'homme au repos,” that is, man at rest. His pulse is being monitored and the man on the far right is thought to be Lavoisier. A valve box can be seen in the tube near the mask, allowing the separation of inspired and expired gas. The expired gas enters a large jar in the center, and the effluent gas from this is being collected in a container on the right by liquid displacement. What appears to be a screen is mounted on the tube between the central jar and the collecting jar. This may contain instructions about the experiment to guide the subject and the man standing with his arm stretched out. Madame Lavoisier on the far right is making notes of the experiment.

[pere0duchesne.livejournal.com]

Figure 5 shows a somewhat similar experiment except that in this case the subject is exercising. The description of the experiment given below the drawing states “l'homme executant au travail,” that is, man doing work. The subject's right foot can be seen on a pedal, which may be attached to wires coming from the table above. This arrangement apparently allows him to exercise. However, the details of this are unclear. There is a suggestion of a weight above his foot, which perhaps he is being asked to raise. Certainly Lavoisier in some of his descriptions of his experiments on oxygen consumption refers to work done by raising a weight. Just beyond the mouthpiece are two vertical tubes that may be an arrangement for separating the inspired and expired gas. There is another seated man apparently measuring the pulse rate, and there are two other standing men, one of whom may be Lavoisier. A laboratory assistant on the far left is carrying supplies. Again Madame Lavoisier on the far right is keeping a record. An electrical machine can be seen in the lower right of the drawing.
Fig. 5.

[pere0duchesne.livejournal.com]

Marie-Anne Lavoisier's editorial responsibilities.

As alluded to earlier, Marie-Anne was tutored in chemistry shortly after her marriage so that she could involve herself with her husband's work. In addition she collaborated in a number of his experiments by taking notes and preparing the lavish engravings of Traité élémentaire de chimie, examples of which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Her attendance as a collaborator in Lavoisier's experiments is documented in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. As a consequence of her knowledge of chemistry and her involvement with the experimental procedures, she was able to make her own contributions on scientific issues.

One example of this is that she added explanatory notes to her translations of scientific articles from English to French. This was particularly the case with Kirwan's book An Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids, which provoked an extensive debate between the author and Lavoisier. As indicated earlier, this ended with the capitulation of Kirwan, who then denounced the phlogiston theory in 1791.

However, Marie-Anne's editorial responsibilities went beyond this. Late in Antoine's life when the potential dangers of the French Revolution were looming, Lavoisier planned to write a series of memoirs on physics and chemistry (Mémoires de physique et de chimie) (13). However, only one or two of these appeared before Lavoisier was imprisoned and subsequently executed. Marie-Anne then assumed the responsibility of publishing what was to be an extensive description of Lavoisier's later work.

Lavoisier had initially planned to publish this series of memoirs with his young collaborator Séguin. He wrote one memoir titled Mémoire sur la chaleur (Memoir on heat) that was sent to the Académie des Sciences (14), and in some references to this Mémoire Madame Lavoisier is included as a coauthor. However, the publication of these Mémoires de physique et de chimie was brought to a halt because of financial difficulties of the printer. Such was the confusion because of the printer's difficulties and the impending revolution that the project was abandoned.

Séguin was chosen to write an introduction to the Mémoires but a disagreement developed between him and Marie-Anne, apparently because she thought he did not merit the role that he was assuming. As a result of the controversy, Marie-Anne herself wrote an introduction but this was criticized by others. The final upshot was that Marie-Anne was left with a large number of copies of the unbound manuscript and these were never formally published. However, the Mémoires have now been made available, for example in Panopticon Lavoisier (20).

Finally, in a less formal role as a hostess, Marie-Anne must have contributed significantly to Antoine Lavoisier's career. She was described as a charming outgoing woman much given to entertaining (9). One notable example was presumably the dinner in Paris in 1774 when the guests included Joseph Priestley and his patron, Lord Shelburne. It could be argued that Priestley's description of his experiment in which he heated red mercuric oxide and that, as he said, “surprized me more than I can yet well express” changed the course of science because it resulted in Lavoisier discovering the true nature of oxygen. In addition, Lavoisier had a wide circle of scientist friends partly through his association with the Académie des Sciences, and Marie-Anne's role as a hostess was presumably important in maintaining these valuable contacts.

[pere0duchesne.livejournal.com]

Талантливая и умная девчонка Мари, в общем. Второй ее брак, кстати, тоже был с человеком из мира науки.

[homme-larochell.livejournal.com]

Чтобы хорошо зарисовывать, переводить и редактировать, нужно как минимум понимать, что рисуешь и переводишь. Да, умная.
И Мари Польц, скорей всего, не исключение. Жанлис, при всей ее политической мутности и проч., как педагог высказывала верные мысли, и даже естественнонаучную лабораторию завела. То есть женщины к естественным наукам интерес проявляли, по крайней мере — к зарождающейся биологии и химии.